Everything You Should Know About William Ernest Henley and "Invictus"

William Ernest Henley (1849–1903) was a British poet, critic, and editor whose life and work continue to resonate today. Best known for his poem "Invictus," a poem designed to help you Know Thyself, Henley's contributions to literature and his complex personal history offer a rich tapestry for exploration.

Early Life and Education

Born in Gloucester, England, on August 23, 1849, Henley was the eldest of six children. His father, a bookseller, passed away when Henley was a teenager, leaving the family in financial hardship. At age 12, Henley was diagnosed with tubercular arthritis, leading to the amputation of his left leg below the knee. His right foot was saved through a radical surgery performed by Joseph Lister. During his recovery, Henley began writing poetry, including the renowned "Invictus."

Henley's education at the Crypt Grammar School in Gloucester introduced him to T.E. Brown, a poet who would become a lifelong friend and mentor. Henley later attended the University of St Andrews, receiving an LLD degree in 1893.

Literary Career and Influence

Henley's literary career was multifaceted. He edited several journals, including the Scots Observer (later the National Observer) and the Magazine of Art. Through these platforms, he championed emerging artists like James McNeill Whistler and Auguste Rodin. Henley also formed friendships with prominent writers, notably Robert Louis Stevenson, who reportedly based the character Long John Silver in Treasure Island on Henley.

Henley's poetry often explored themes of inner strength and perseverance. His collections include A Book of Verses (1888), London Voluntaries (1893), and Hawthorn and Lavender (1899).

"Invictus": The Poem That Endures

"Invictus" remains Henley's most famous work, celebrated for its message of resilience in the face of adversity. The poem was written during his hospital stay and reflects his determination to remain unbowed by life's challenges.

The poem reads:

Out of the night that covers me,
Black as the pit from pole to pole,
I thank whatever gods may be
For my unconquerable soul.

In the fell clutch of circumstance
I have not winced nor cried aloud.
Under the bludgeonings of chance
My head is bloody, but unbowed.

Beyond this place of wrath and tears
Looms but the Horror of the shade,
And yet the menace of the years
Finds and shall find me unafraid.

It matters not how strait the gate,
How charged with punishments the scroll,
I am the master of my fate,
I am the captain of my soul.

The poem's title, "Invictus," meaning "unconquered" in Latin, was added by editor Arthur Quiller-Couch when it was included in the Oxford Book of English Verse in 1900.

Personal Life and Legacy

Henley married Hannah Johnson Boyle in 1878, and they had a daughter, Margaret. Margaret's early death at age five deeply affected Henley. She is credited with inspiring the name "Wendy" in J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan.

Henley's influence extended beyond literature. His poem "Pro Rege Nostro" became popular during World War I as a piece of patriotic verse. However, it also faced criticism for its perceived jingoism.

Henley's physical appearance and personality elicited varied reactions. Some contemporaries admired his strength and intellect, while others, like Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, criticized his demeanor and views.

Controversies and Criticisms

Henley's work and persona were not without controversy. His essay in the centenary edition of Burns (1896–97) sparked debate for its critical stance. Additionally, his emphasis on strength and courage in his writings led some to accuse him of glorifying brute force.

Despite these criticisms, Henley's contributions to literature and his role in the Victorian literary scene remain significant.

Cultural Impact of "Invictus"

"Invictus" has inspired many, including Nelson Mandela, who recited the poem to fellow prisoners during his incarceration. The poem's themes of resilience and self-mastery have resonated across cultures and eras.

The poem has been referenced in various media, including the film Invictus (2009), which depicts Mandela's use of the poem during the 1995 Rugby World Cup. It has also appeared in literature, television, and speeches, underscoring its enduring relevance.

Conclusion: The Meaning of Invictus

William Ernest Henley's life was marked by personal challenges, literary achievements, and complex relationships. His poem "Invictus" stands as a testament to human resilience and has left an indelible mark on culture and literature. Through his work, Henley continues to inspire and provoke thought, embodying the very spirit of his most famous poem.

Lateef Warnick is the founder of Onassis Krown. He currently serves as a Senior Healthcare Consultant in the Jacksonville FL area and is a Certified Life Coach, Marriage Counselor, Keynote Speaker and Author of "Know Thyself," "The Golden Egg" and "Wear Your Krown." He is also a former Naval Officer, Licensed Financial Advisor, Insurance Agent, Realtor, Serial Entrepreneur and musical artist A.L.I.A.S.